
Aug 16th, 2023
Pallets
Your Ultimate Guide to Pallets
Pallets are versatile and widely used in various industries for shipping, storage, and DIY projects.
This ultimate guide to pallets will provide you with comprehensive information about different types of pallets, their uses, safety considerations, and how you can ensure a steady supply of the pallets you need for your business.
What are Pallets?
Pallets are flat structures with a rigid platform that support and transport goods. They typically have openings on all four sides, allowing forklifts, pallet jacks, or other handling equipment to lift and move them.
What is the Purpose of Pallets?
Pallets play a crucial role in business operations. They are versatile platforms used for the transportation, storage, and handling of goods across various industries.
Some common uses of pallets include:
Overall, pallets streamline logistics operations, improve efficiency, protect goods during transport, and enhance safety for employees involved in material handling. Their standardized design and widespread use contribute to the smooth flow of goods within supply chains and support the global economy.
What is the Standard Pallet Size?
The standard pallet size most commonly used in the United States is 48 inches by 40 inches (122 centimeters by 102 centimeters) and is known as the Grocery Manufacturers Association "GMA” pallet or the "48x40 pallet." These pallet dimensions are considered the standard size for shipping and logistics purposes in various industries.
However, it's important to note that while the 48x40 pallet is the most prevalent standard size, there are other pallet sizes. Different regions and industries may have their own preferred pallet sizes based on specific requirements and operational needs.

Globally, different countries may have their own standard pallet sizes. For example, the Euro pallet, commonly used in Europe, measures 120 centimeters by 80 centimeters (47.2 inches by 31.5 inches).
Before purchasing wooden pallets, always verify the specific pallet size requirements and standards applicable to your region and industry to ensure compatibility and efficient logistics operations.
Custom Pallets
If you require a pallet size that varies from US and Euro standards, custom pallets are an option. Custom wood pallets are versatile and meticulously designed to meet specific requirements, providing a solid foundation for the safe and secure movement of goods.
One of the key elements behind their success is the Pallet Design System™ (PDS), the National Wood Pallet and Container Association's proprietary software that acts as an engineering, product specification, and marketing tool in one.
The PDS helps with:
By tailoring pallets to specific requirements, businesses can optimize their material handling processes, reduce product damage, and maximize storage space. With the added benefits of sustainability and cost-effectiveness, custom wood pallets are an indispensable tool for industries worldwide.
What are Pallets Made of?
The most common pallet materials are wood, plastic, and metal.

Wood Pallets
Wood pallets are the most common type of pallet. They are used across various industries, including retail, agriculture, and construction, for their versatility and cost-effectiveness.
Wooden pallets are constructed using wooden boards and are used for shipping, warehousing, and logistics purposes. They provide a sturdy platform for the efficient movement and storage of goods. The use of wood pallets across such diverse sectors highlights their indispensable role in facilitating the logistics and supply chain operations of numerous industries.
Types of Wooden Pallets

There are two types of wooden pallets.
Pallet Grades
Pallet grades are a classification system used to assess the quality, condition, and suitability of pallets for various applications. The grading system for pallets can vary depending on the organization, industry, or specific requirements. However, the most commonly used pallet grades are:
Grade AAA (GMA - Grocery Manufacturers Association, or Premium A) Pallets:
Grade A Pallets:
Grade B Pallets:
It's important to note that the grading of pallets can vary, and different organizations or industries may have their own specific grading criteria. When purchasing or using pallets, it's advisable to inquire about the grading standards and requirements to ensure they meet your specific needs and comply with industry regulations.

What Wood Are Pallets Made Of?
Wooden pallets use many different types of hard and soft woods, including oak, Southern Yellow Pine (SYP), and fir.
How Much Does a Wooden Pallet Weigh?
The weight of a wooden pallet can vary depending on its size, construction, and the type of wood used. Here are some approximate weight ranges for commonly used wooden pallets:
- Standard Pallet Size:
- GMA Pallets (48" x 40") typically weigh between 30 and 48 pounds (14-22 kilograms).
- Euro Pallets (120 cm x 80 cm) generally weigh between 33 and 44 pounds (15-20 kilograms).
- Heavy-Duty Pallets:
- GMA Pallets (48" x 40") made from thicker and denser wood can weigh between 45 and 70 pounds (20-32 kilograms).
It's important to note that these weight ranges are approximate and can vary depending on factors such as the specific design, wood density, and any additional features or reinforcements added to the pallet. Additionally, variations in manufacturing processes and different wood species can also contribute to weight differences.
If you need more precise weight information, weigh a specific pallet or consult the manufacturer for specifications about the pallet in question.
What is ISPM-15 Certified?
ISPM-15 stands for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15. It is a regulation developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) to prevent the spread of pests and diseases through wooden packaging materials, such as pallets, crates, and dunnage.
ISPM-15 pallets are wooden pallets that comply with the requirements set forth by this international standard. The standard mandates that wooden packaging materials used in international trade must be treated to kill any potential pests or diseases that may be present in the wood. The treatment process usually involves heat treatment or fumigation with methyl bromide.
The importance of ISPM-15 pallets lies in their role in protecting global plant health and preventing the spread of harmful pests and diseases. Wooden packaging materials can harbor insects, fungi, and other pathogens that can be detrimental to agriculture, forestry, and ecosystems. By treating pallets according to the ISPM-15 standards, the risk of spreading these pests and diseases across borders is significantly reduced.
Many countries have implemented strict regulations requiring the use of ISPM-15-compliant pallets for international shipments. These regulations safeguard their agriculture and natural resources from invasive species that could cause ecological damage and economic losses.
Compliance with ISPM-15 standards also facilitates international trade by reducing the chances of quarantine or rejection of shipments at border inspections. Using ISPM-15 pallets helps ensure that the packaging materials meet the phytosanitary requirements of multiple countries, thereby streamlining the movement of goods across different jurisdictions.

Plastic Pallets
Plastic pallets are lightweight, durable, and resistant to moisture and pests. They are often used in industries with strict hygiene requirements, including the food and beverage industry, pharmaceutical suppliers, automotive companies, and more.
Types of Plastic Pallets
There are many different plastic pallets, each with its own characteristics and advantages.
- Nestable Plastic Pallets are designed to nest or stack together when not in use to save space during storage and transportation.
- Rackable Plastic Pallets withstand the rigors of being stored in pallet racking systems. They have additional reinforcements and structural support to handle the weight and stress of being loaded on racks.
- Stackable Plastic Pallets can be easily and stably stacked on top of each other when loaded, maximizing vertical space utilization during storage or transport.
- Export Plastic Pallets are lightweight and often made from recycled materials. They are designed for one-way shipments and typically don't return to the original source after use.
- Hygienic Plastic Pallets are made from food-grade or pharmaceutical-grade plastic materials, ensuring compliance with strict hygiene standards. They are often used in industries where cleanliness and sanitation are crucial, such as food processing or healthcare.
- Heavy-Duty Plastic Pallets are constructed with reinforced materials and structural design to handle heavier loads and endure more demanding conditions.
- Customizable Plastic Pallets can be customized to meet specific requirements, such as incorporating additional features like anti-slip surfaces, labeling options, or Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tracking technology.
Each type of plastic pallet offers specific benefits, such as durability, moisture resistance, ease of cleaning, and compatibility with different handling equipment. Choosing the right plastic pallet type depends on its intended application, load requirements, industry standards, and specific logistics needs.
What Kind of Plastic is Used in Plastic Pallets?
Plastic pallets are typically made using various plastic materials, with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) being one of the most commonly used. HDPE is a durable and versatile plastic with excellent strength and resistance to impact, chemicals, and moisture.
The manufacturing process for plastic pallets involves a combination of injection molding and structural foam molding techniques. The plastic material is melted and injected into a mold to create the shape of the pallet. The design of the pallet can vary, including variations in the number and arrangement of deck boards, stringers, or blocks.
In addition to HDPE, other types of plastic used in pallet manufacturing include:
- Polypropylene (PP)
- Polystyrene (PS)
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
These plastics offer their own characteristics, such as varying strengths, rigidity, and chemical resistance. The choice of plastic material depends on the specific requirements of the pallet, such as load capacity, durability, and environmental conditions. Some plastic pallets may also incorporate additives or reinforcements, such as glass fibers or fillers, to enhance their strength, stiffness, or fire resistance.
It's worth noting that the composition of plastic pallets can vary among manufacturers, so materials and production processes may differ.

Are Plastic Pallets Cheaper Than Wooden Pallets?
The cost of plastic pallets versus wood pallets varies depending on several factors, including the region, size, quality, and specific requirements of the pallets.
Generally speaking, plastic pallets tend to be more expensive upfront compared to wood pallets. Plastic pallets are made from durable materials such as high-density polyethylene (HDPE), which has higher manufacturing costs.
However, it's important to consider the overall cost of ownership rather than just the initial purchase price. Plastic pallets have several advantages that can make them cost-effective in the long run.
- Durability: Plastic pallets tend to have a longer lifespan than wood pallets, which results in lower replacement and maintenance costs over time.
- Moisture Resistance: They are highly resistant to moisture, insects, and certain chemicals, which reduces the risk of damage and contamination.
- Lightweight: Plastic pallets are lighter in weight compared to their wood counterparts, which can lead to savings in transportation costs, especially if you're shipping products over long distances or by air.
- Stackability: The stackable design of plastic pallets helps optimize storage space and reduce warehousing costs

Metal Pallets
Metal pallets, as the name suggests, are made primarily or entirely from metal materials. They are strong, long-lasting, and suitable for heavy-duty applications. They are ideal for industries where durability and hygiene are critical, such as pharmaceuticals or food processing.
Metal pallets offer several advantages, including:
- Durability: Metal pallets are resistant to wear and tear, making them long-lasting and capable of withstanding heavy loads and rough handling.
- Hygiene: These pallets are easy to clean and sanitize, making them suitable for industries with strict cleanliness requirements.
- Fire Resistance: Metal pallets are inherently fire-resistant, making them ideal for industries where fire safety is crucial.
- Recyclability: Metal is a highly recyclable material. Metal pallets can be recycled and repurposed, contributing to sustainability efforts.
While they offer multiple benefits, keep in mind that metal pallets have a higher initial cost compared to other pallet materials and the potential for sharp edges or corners that may require additional safety measures during handling.

What Metals Are Used in Metal Pallets?
Metal pallets are constructed using different types of metals, including steel and aluminum, which offer distinct characteristics and advantages:
- Steel pallets are known for their exceptional strength and durability. They are typically made from carbon steel, which is resistant to impact and heavy loads. Steel pallets are well-suited for heavy-duty applications in industries like automotive, construction, and manufacturing, where they can withstand rough handling, stacking, and extreme environments.
- Aluminum pallets weigh less than steel pallets while still maintaining considerable strength. They are corrosion-resistant, making them suitable for industries that require strict hygiene standards, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Aluminum pallets are also commonly used in air cargo transportation due to their lightweight nature, which helps reduce fuel costs.
How Much Do Pallets Weigh?
The weight of metal pallets can vary depending on their size, design, and the type of metal used in their construction.
Steel pallets tend to be heavier than aluminum pallets due to the difference in material density. Steel pallets can range in weight from approximately 30 kilograms (66 pounds) to over 90 kilograms (200 pounds) or more, depending on their size and load capacity.
Aluminum pallets, on the other hand, are lighter in weight compared to steel pallets. They typically weigh between 10 kilograms (22 pounds) and 30 kilograms (66 pounds), depending on their size and design.
It's important to note that these weight ranges are general estimates, and the actual weight of metal pallets can vary based on factors such as dimensions, thickness of metal components, reinforcement structures, and any additional features or accessories incorporated into the pallet design.

Pallets vs. Skids
Pallets and skids are both commonly used in logistics and material handling, but there are some key differences between them.
Structure and Design:
Pallets are flat structures with both top and bottom decks, typically made of wood, plastic, or metal. They have openings or gaps on all sides, allowing forklifts, pallet jacks, or other handling equipment to access them from any direction.
Skids, also known as "slip sheets," are simpler in design compared to pallets. They consist of a single deck or platform, usually made of wood, and lack a bottom deck. Skids may have openings on two sides, making them accessible from the front and back.
Support and Stability:
Pallets offer enhanced stability due to their design with both top and bottom decks. They provide a solid base for goods and can bear heavier loads. The structure of pallets enables easy stacking and secure attachment of loads using straps, stretch wrap, or other securing methods.
Skids provide less stability compared to pallets since they lack a bottom deck. They may be suitable for lighter loads or specific applications where stability is less critical. Skids are commonly used in industries where goods can be unitized or where automated systems can handle the loads securely.
Handling and Transportation:
Pallets are highly versatile and widely used in various industries for transporting and storing goods. They are compatible with standard forklifts and pallet jacks, simplifying handling and allowing for efficient loading and unloading of trucks or containers. Pallets are designed to be lifted from all sides, facilitating movement and accessibility.
Skids are not as common as pallets, but they are great for specific industries with unitized loads. Skids are typically moved using specialized equipment, such as slip sheet attachments on forklifts or automated handling systems specifically designed for skid-based operations.
International Trade Compliance:
Pallets, especially those used for international shipments, often need to comply with standards like ISPM-15. Skids may not always be subject to the same international trade regulations as pallets. The lack of a bottom deck and reduced complexity in design make skids less susceptible to potential pest contamination.
Pallets are more commonly used and offer greater stability, compatibility, and versatility in handling and transporting goods. Skids, on the other hand, have a simpler design and find specific applications where unitized loads or specialized handling equipment are used. The choice between pallets and skids depends on the specific requirements of the industry, load characteristics, and handling equipment available.

How Many Pallets Do I Need?
How Many Pallets Fit in a Truck?
The number of pallets that can fit in a truck depends on various factors, including the type and size of the truck, the dimensions of the pallets, and the configuration of the load. However, there are some general estimates based on standard truck sizes and pallet dimensions:
- 53-foot Trailer (Dry Van):
- Standard Pallets (48" x 40"):Approximately 572-660 pallets can fit in a 53-foot trailer, assuming the pallets are loaded efficiently and stacked to a typical height of around 8 feet.
- Euro Pallets (47.2" x 31.5"): Due to their slightly smaller size, you can fit a slightly higher number of Euro pallets in a 53-foot trailer.
It's important to note that these estimates are general guidelines and can vary based on other factors such as load configuration, weight restrictions, any additional space required for securing the load, and the specific dimensions and design of the truck trailer. Additionally, specialized trailers or trucks with different dimensions may have different pallet capacities.
To optimize space utilization and determine the exact number of pallets a truck can accommodate, consult with pallet suppliers or a trucking company who can consider the specific details of the truck and load to provide a more accurate estimate.
Pallet Handling
Caring for pallets is essential to ensuring their longevity, usability, and safety. Proper maintenance and handling practices can help extend the lifespan of pallets and minimize the risk of damage or accidents. Here are some tips on how to care for pallets:
Regular Inspection
Conduct regular inspections of pallets to identify any signs of damage, wear, or weaknesses. Look for broken boards, loose nails or fasteners, and any structural issues. Remove and repair damaged pallets promptly to prevent further deterioration.
Repair and Maintenance
Implement a maintenance program to address any issues with pallets. Replace broken boards, reinforce weak areas, and tighten loose fasteners. Repairing damaged pallets promptly helps prevent further damage and ensures their safe use.
Cleanliness
Keep pallets clean and free from debris. Regularly remove dirt, dust, and any foreign materials that can accumulate on pallets. This helps maintain their structural integrity and prevents contamination of goods being transported or stored.
Proper Handling
Train employees on proper handling techniques to minimize the risk of pallet damage. Ensure that forklift operators are skilled in maneuvering pallets safely, avoiding excessive impacts, or dropping them from heights. Rough handling can lead to pallet breakage or compromise its structural stability.
Weight Distribution
Distribute weight evenly on pallets to avoid excessive stress on specific areas. Improper weight distribution can lead to board breakage or pallet failure. Follow weight restrictions and guidelines provided by pallet manufacturers or industry standards. When stacking pallets, ensure that they are aligned properly and stable. Use appropriate stacking methods to prevent pallets from toppling over or collapsing. Avoid exceeding safe stacking heights to maintain stability and prevent damage to the pallets and their loads. Store pallets in a dry and well-ventilated area to prevent moisture absorption, which can lead to warping or decay. If pallets need to be stored outside, use pallet covers or tarps to protect them from the elements. Consider the specific environmental conditions that pallets will be exposed to. Extreme temperatures, humidity, or exposure to chemicals can affect the integrity of pallets. Choose pallets that are suitable for the anticipated environmental conditions or take the necessary precautions to protect them. Pallets are typically not waterproof. Most pallets, especially those made of wood, are porous and can absorb moisture, which can result in mold growth. However, there are pallets available designed to be more resistant to moisture, such as plastic or composite pallets. These pallets offer improved water resistance compared to traditional wooden pallets. It's important to note that even with water-resistant pallets, prolonged exposure to water or extreme humidity can still cause damage over time. Proper storage and handling practices should be followed to minimize the risk of water damage to pallets and their contents. Additionally, using pallet covers or shrink wrap can provide an extra layer of protection against moisture during transportation or storage. By implementing these care practices, you can maintain the quality and durability of pallets, reduce the need for frequent replacements, and ensure their safe and efficient use in material handling and logistics operations. Yes, it is common practice to reuse used pallets. Reusing pallets offers several benefits, including cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and resource conservation. Reusing pallets can be more cost-effective than purchasing new ones. Used pallets are often available at a lower cost, depending on their condition and the market demand for them. By reusing pallets, businesses can reduce expenses associated with purchasing new pallets. Reusing pallets help reduce the demand for new pallet production, which conserves resources, energy, and raw materials. It also reduces the amount of waste generated from discarded or broken pallets, contributing to a more sustainable approach to logistics and packaging. Before reusing a used pallet, it is essential to conduct a thorough inspection to ensure its structural integrity. Check for any signs of damage, such as broken boards, protruding nails, or excessive wear and tear. Damaged pallets can be repaired by replacing broken components or reinforcing weak areas, extending their usable lifespan. When reusing pallets, it is important to consider their compatibility with the specific needs of your operation. Ensure that the pallets are suitable for the intended load, taking into account factors such as weight capacity, dimensions, and any industry-specific requirements. Depending on the nature of the goods being transported or stored, you must consider cleanliness and sanitation when reusing pallets. Some industries, such as food and pharmaceuticals, may require pallets to meet certain hygiene standards. In such cases, appropriate cleaning and sanitization processes should be followed to ensure compliance. Implementing a pallet tracking system can help monitor the condition and usage of reusable pallets. Tracking systems can assist in identifying damaged pallets that require repair or removal from circulation, as well as tracking the movement of pallets throughout the supply chain. There are several options for dealing with broken pallets: Broken pallets can often be repaired, depending on the extent of the damage. Repairing pallets involves replacing damaged or broken components, such as boards, stringers, and cores. If you have the necessary skills and resources, you can repair pallets yourself. However, we recommend utilizing pallet repair companies that specialize in refurbishing damaged pallets. Broken pallets can be repurposed and transformed into various items. You can disassemble the pallets and use the individual boards or slats for DIY projects such as building furniture, garden planters, shelves, and decorative wall art. If there are no viable repair, repurposing, or recycling options, and the pallets are unusable and unsalvageable, proper disposal is necessary. Contact your local waste management facility or dumpster rental service to inquire about the appropriate disposal methods for wooden waste in your area. If the pallets are beyond repair or repurposing, recycling is a responsible option. Pallets can be recycled into wood chips, mulch, animal bedding, or other wood-based products. Many recycling facilities accept wooden pallets, so you can either deliver them to a local recycling center or arrange for pick-up if it's available in your area. It's worth noting that the specific options available may vary depending on your location and the recycling infrastructure in your area. It's always a good practice to prioritize repair, repurpose, or recycle options to minimize waste and maximize the sustainability of pallets. To support our commitment to zero landfill waste, Trinity helps businesses repair or recycle their broken pallets through our National Pallet Buyback Program. Not only does our Pallet Buyback Program help businesses achieve their sustainability goals, but it also offers several benefits that help companies generate revenue and maintain supply. Stack Pallets Safely
Storage
Environmental Factors
Are Pallets Waterproof?
Used Pallets
Can You Reuse a Used Pallet?
Cost Savings
Sustainability and Environmental Impact
Inspection and Repair
Compatibility and Load Considerations
Hygiene and Sanitation
Tracking and Management
Broken Pallets
Pallet Repair
Repurposing Pallets
Pallet Disposal
Can Pallets be Recycled?
Pallet Partnership You Can Trust
Trinity is the most trusted national end-to-end wholesale pallet management solution,, with hundreds of yards in our network and a team of experts ready to provide sustainable solutions to help multi-location companies standardize products, reduce cost, and increase efficiency.

Through our National Pallet Program, we’ve helped Fortune 500 companies manage their pallet spend and maintain supply, even during pallet shortages. Some of our National Pallet Program benefits include:
- Increased productivity: We manage vendors to ensure you receive the best pricing on high-quality pallets, so you don’t have to spend time on RFPs.
- Save Time and Money: Our national pallet network ensures a steady supply of pallets with next-day delivery to most U.S. locations. Plus, when you sell your broken pallets back to us through our National Pallet Buyback Program, you can create an additional revenue stream for your business!
- National Membership: Trinity is a proud member of the National Wooden Pallet and Container Association (NWPCA), and we adhere to all industry best practices and standards.
Whether you’re sourcing pallets for one location or all your U.S. locations, Trinity can help you find the best pallets for your business. Request a pallet quote today to get in touch with one of our many pallet experts!